According to a large team of technical and health specialists, astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft will be well protected from radiation when the Artemis II mission travels to the moon and back next year.

"It has the landscape; it looks like the Moon. And it has the scale of features astronauts will both be observing and exploring," NASA's Cindy Evans said.

With NASA's crewed mission to the moon only a year away, first results from radiation experiments onboard Artemis 1 suggest short trips are within human limits, but longer missions or travel to Mars may be challenging.